Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change (IPCC). Climate Change 2021–the Physical Science Basis: Working Group I Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (Cambridge University Press, 2023).
Clement, V. et al. Groundswell Part 2 (World Bank, 2021).
Internal Displacement Monitoring Center (IDMC). 2024 Global Report on Internal Displacement (GRID). https://doi.org/10.55363/IDMC.DAKY2849 (2024).
Adger, W. N. et al. Focus on environmental risks and migration: causes and consequences. Environ. Res. Lett. 10, 060201 (2015).
Bettini, G. Where Next? Climate change, migration, and the (bio)politics of adaptation. Glob. Policy 8, 33–39 (2017).
Black, R., Arnell, N. W., Adger, W. N., Thomas, D. & Geddes, A. Migration, immobility and displacement outcomes following extreme events. Environ. Sci. Policy 27, S32–S43 (2013).
Felli, R. Managing climate insecurity by ensuring continuous capital accumulation: ‘climate refugees’ and ‘climate migrants. N. Political Econ. 18, 337–363 (2013).
Black, R. et al. The effect of environmental change on human migration. Glob. Environ. Change 21, S3–S11 (2011).
Castelli, F. Drivers of migration: Why do people move? J.Travel Med. 25, tay040 (2018).
Hauer, M. E. et al. Sea-level rise and human migration. Nat. Rev. Earth Environ. 1, 28–39 (2019).
Parrish, R. et al. A critical analysis of the drivers of human migration patterns in the presence of climate change: a new conceptual model. IJERPH 17, 6036 (2020).
Black, R., Bennett, S. R. G., Thomas, S. M. & Beddington, J. R. Migration as adaptation. Nature 478, 447–449 (2011).
Jha, C. K., Gupta, V., Chattopadhyay, U. & Amarayil Sreeraman, B. Migration as adaptation strategy to cope with climate change: a study of farmers’ migration in rural India. IJCCSM 10, 121–141 (2018).
Kaczan, D. J. & Orgill-Meyer, J. The impact of climate change on migration: a synthesis of recent empirical insights. Clim. Change 158, 281–300 (2020).
McLeman, R. & Smit, B. Migration as an adaptation to climate change. Clim. Change 76, 31–53 (2006).
Benveniste, H., Oppenheimer, M. & Fleurbaey, M. Climate change increases resource-constrained international immobility. Nat. Clim. Chang. 12, 634–641 (2022).
Letta, M., Montalbano, P. & Paolantonio, A. Climate Immobility Traps: a Household-Level Test (World Bank, 2024).
de Haas, H. A theory of migration: the aspirations-capabilities framework. CMS 9, 8 (2021).
de Sherbinin, A. et al. Migration theory in climate mobility research. Front. Clim. 4, 882343 (2022).
Chen, M. & Caldeira, K. Climate change as an incentive for future human migration. Earth Syst. Dynam. 11, 875–883 (2020).
De Lellis, P., Ruiz Marín, M. & Porfiri, M. Modeling human migration under environmental change: a case study of the effect of sea level rise in Bangladesh. Earth’s. Future 9, e2020EF001931 (2021).
Kam, P. M. et al. Impact-based forecasting of tropical cyclone-related human displacement to support anticipatory action. Nat. Commun. 15, 8795 (2024).
Meiler, S. et al. A natural hazard risk modelling approach to human displacement – frontiers & challenges. Environ. Res.: Clim. 4, 045001 (2025).
Schwaller, N. L., El-Khattabi, A. R. & Nguyen, M. T. Networks Matter: Examining migration networks using cellphone data following Hurricane Maria. Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct. 100, 104139 (2024).
Smirnov, O., Lahav, G., Orbell, J., Zhang, M. & Xiao, T. Climate change, drought, and potential environmental migration flows under different policy scenarios. Int. Migr. Rev. 57, 36–67 (2023).
Costa, R., Haukaas, T. & Chang, S. E. Predicting population displacements after earthquakes. Sustain. Resilient Infrastruct. 7, 253–271 (2022).
Tanaka, T., Koga, A. & Yokomatsu, M. Agent-based intra-regional relocation model considering spatial local amenity for urban planning-based flood risk management: assessing the impact of urban development on flood exposure. J. Flood Risk Manag. 17, e13035 (2024).
Tierolf, L. et al. A coupled agent-based model for France for simulating adaptation and migration decisions under future coastal flood risk. Sci. Rep. 13, 4176 (2023).
Bell, A. R. et al. Migration towards Bangladesh coastlines projected to increase with sea-level rise through 2100. Environ. Res. Lett. 16, 024045 (2021).
Entwisle, B., Verdery, A. & Williams, N. Climate change and migration: new insights from a dynamic model of out-migration and return migration. Am. J. Sociol. 125, 1469–1512 (2020).
Oliveira, J. & Pereda, P. The impact of climate change on internal migration in Brazil. J. Environ. Econ. Manag. 103, 102340 (2020).
Dembedza, V. P., Chopera, P., Mapara, J. & Macheka, L. Impact of climate change-induced natural disasters on intangible cultural heritage related to food: a review. J. Ethn. Food 9, 32 (2022).
Kaniasty, K. Social support, interpersonal, and community dynamics following disasters caused by natural hazards. Curr. Opin. Psychol. 32, 105–109 (2020).
Leviston, Z., Dandy, J., Horwitz, P. & Drake, D. Anticipating environmental losses: effects on place attachment and intentions to move. J. Migr. Health 7, 100152 (2023).
Beyer, R. M., Schewe, J. & Abel, G. J. Modeling climate migration: dead ends and new avenues. Front. Clim. 5, 1212649 (2023).
Ward, P. J. et al. Review article: natural hazard risk assessments at the global scale. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 20, 1069–1096 (2020).
Cremen, G. et al. A state-of-the-art decision-support environment for risk-sensitive and pro-poor urban planning and design in Tomorrow’s cities. Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct. 85, 103400 (2023).
Galasso, C. et al. Editorial. Risk-based, Pro-poor Urban Design and Planning for Tomorrow’s Cities. Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct. 58, 102158 (2021).
Paul, N., Galasso, C. & Baker, J. Household displacement and return in disasters: a review. Nat. Hazards Rev. 25, 03123006 (2024).
Soden, R. et al. The importance of accounting for equity in disaster risk models. Commun. Earth Environ. 4, 386 (2023).
Markhvida, M., Walsh, B., Hallegatte, S. & Baker, J. Quantification of disaster impacts through household well-being losses. Nat. Sustain. 3, 538–547 (2020).
Verschuur, J., Koks, E. E., Haque, A. & Hall, J. W. Prioritising resilience policies to reduce welfare losses from natural disasters: a case study for coastal Bangladesh. Glob. Environ. Change 65, 102179 (2020).
Murphy, C. & Gardoni, P. The role of society in engineering risk analysis: a capabilities-based approach. Risk Anal. 26, 1073–1083 (2006).
Tseng, T.-H. & Stojadinović, B. CI-STR: a capabilities-based interface to model socio-technical systems in disaster resilience assessment. Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct. 111, 104763 (2024).
Carling, J. Migration in the age of involuntary immobility: theoretical reflections and Cape Verdean experiences. J. Ethn. Migr. Stud. 28, 5–42 (2002).
de Haas, H. Migration and development: a theoretical perspective. Int. Migr. Rev. 44, 227–264 (2010).
Massey, D. S. et al. Theories of international migration: a review and appraisal. Popul. Dev. Rev. 19, 431 (1993).
Hugo, G. Future demographic change and its interactions with migration and climate change. Glob. Environ. Change 21, S21–S33 (2011).
McLeman, R. et al. Conceptual framing to link climate risk assessments and climate-migration scholarship. Clim. Change 165, 24 (2021).
Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change (IPCC). Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge University Press, 2023).
Glossary on Migration. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf (2019).
McNamara, K. E., Olson, L. L. & Rahman, M.dA. Insecure hope: the challenges faced by urban slum dwellers in Bhola Slum, Bangladesh. Migr. Dev. 5, 1–15 (2016).
Uddin, M. J. Climate Change, Vulnerabilities, and Migration: Insights from Ecological Migrants in Bangladesh. J. Environ. Dev. 33, 50–74 (2024).
Karutz, R. & Kabisch, S. Exploring the relationship between droughts and rural-to-urban mobility—a mixed methods approach for Pune, India. Front. Clim. 5, 1168584 (2023).
Latai-Niusulu, A., Tsujita, M. & Neef, A. Climate micro-mobilities as adaptation practice in the Pacific: the case of Samoa. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 378, 20220392 (2023).
Zickgraf, C. Relational (im)mobilities: a case study of Senegalese coastal fishing populations. J. Ethn. Migr. Stud. 48, 3450–3467 (2022).
Koutchoro, A. M. et al. Pastoral transitions in West Africa: analysis of factors influencing herders’ sedentarization in northern Benin. Pastoralism 15, 15199 (2025).
Tubi, A. & Israeli, Y. Is climate migration successful adaptation or maladaptation? A holistic assessment of outcomes in Kenya. Clim. Risk Manag. 44, 100614 (2024).
Xu, Y., Zhang, Y. & Chen, J. Migration under economic transition and changing climate in Mongolia. J. Arid Environ. 185, 104333 (2021).
Groen, J. A. & Polivka, A. E. Going home after Hurricane Katrina: determinants of return migration and changes in affected areas. Demography 47, 821–844 (2010).
Murakami, M., Takebayashi, Y., Ono, K., Kubota, A. & Tsubokura, M. The decision to return home and wellbeing after the Fukushima disaster. Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct. 47, 101538 (2020).
Cuaton, G. P., See, J. & Webster, S. Climate-related planned relocation as domicide: the multi-dimensional destruction of home in the Philippines. Habitat Int. 169, 103710 (2026).
Bronen, R. & Chapin, F. S. Adaptive governance and institutional strategies for climate-induced community relocations in Alaska. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110, 9320–9325 (2013).
Link, A.-C., Piggott-McKellar, A., Nakoro, E. & Oakes, R. Climate-related partial relocation in Fiji impacts the wellbeing of those who relocated and those who stayed differently. Commun. Earth Environ. 6, 394 (2025).
Nichols, A. Climate change, natural hazards, and relocation: insights from Nabukadra and Navuniivi villages in Fiji. Clim. Change 156, 255–271 (2019).
Government of Pakistan. Pakistan Floods 2022: Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA). https://www.undp.org/pakistan/publications/pakistan-floods-2022-post-disaster-needs-assessment-pdna (2022).
Wolde, S. G., D’Odorico, P. & Rulli, M. C. More than three-quarters of environmental migration in Somalia is driven by water deficiency for food and livestock production. Nat. Food 7, 100–111 (2026).
Blondin, S. Understanding involuntary immobility in the Bartang Valley of Tajikistan through the prism of motility. Mobilities 15, 543–558 (2020).
Van Praag, L. Can I move or can I stay? Applying a life course perspective on immobility when facing gradual environmental changes in Morocco. Clim. Risk Manag. 31, 100274 (2021).
Freihardt, J. Trapped by climate change? (In)voluntary immobility in Bangladesh. Reg. Environ. Change 25, 117 (2025).
Rafa, N. Moving on the edge: climate change-induced hazards and the politics of (im)mobility in Rohingya refugee camps. Clim. Dev. 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2025.2609772 (2026).
Oxford University Press. well-being, n. Oxford English Dictionary (Oxford University Press, 2023).
Sen, A. Development as Freedom (Oxford University Press, 2001).
Nussbaum, M. Capabilities as fundamental entitlements: Sen and social justice. Feminist Econ. 9, 33–59 (2003).
Maslow, A. H. A theory of human motivation. Psychol. Rev. 50, 370–396 (1943).
Clark, S. S., Seager, T. P. & Chester, M. V. A capabilities approach to the prioritization of critical infrastructure. Environ. Syst. Decis. 38, 339–352 (2018).
Hofstede, G. The cultural relativity of the quality of life concept. Acad. Manag. Rev. 9, 389 (1984).
Wahba, M. A. & Bridwell, L. G. Maslow reconsidered: a review of research on the need hierarchy theory. Organ. Behav. Hum. Perform. 15, 212–240 (1976).
Stiglitz, J. E., Sen, A. & Fitoussi, J.-P. Report by the Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/8131721/8131772/Stiglitz-Sen-Fitoussi-Commission-report.pdf (2009).
Voukelatou, V. et al. Measuring objective and subjective well-being: dimensions and data sources. Int J. Data Sci. Anal. 11, 279–309 (2021).
Western, M. & Tomaszewski, W. Subjective wellbeing, objective wellbeing and inequality in Australia. PLoS ONE 11, e0163345 (2016).
European Social Survey. Dimensions of Wellbeing. https://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/findings/europeans-wellbeing/dimensions-wellbeing (2026).
University of Waterloo. Domains and indicators. Canadian Index of Wellbeing. https://uwaterloo.ca/canadian-index-wellbeing/what-we-do/domains-and-indicators (2026).
OECD. OECD Well-being Data Monitor. https://www.oecd.org/en/data/tools/well-being-data-monitor.html (2026).
Morshedi, M., Hastak, M., Ukkusuri, S. V. & Lee, S. Quantifying post-disaster community well-being: a case study of Hurricane Harvey. Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct. 114, 104903 (2024).
Office for National Statistics. UK Measures of National Well-Being Framework User Guide. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/methodologies/ukmeasuresofnationalwellbeinguserguide (2026).
Robeyns, I. The capability approach: a theoretical survey. J. Hum. Dev. 6, 93–117 (2005).
Bourdieu, P. The Forms of Capital. in Readings in Economic Sociology (ed Biggart, N. W.) 280–291 (Wiley, 2002).
Wang, C. et al. A Bespoke approach to facilitating disaster impact quantification using locally relevant metrics. Nat. Hazards Rev. 27, 04026002 (2026).
Claridge, T. Functions of Social Capital – Bonding, Bridging, Linking. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.7993853 (2018).
Putnam, R. D. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. (Simon & Schuster [u.a.], 2001).
Graham, J. P., Hirai, M. & Kim, S.-S. An analysis of water collection labor among women and children in 24 sub-Saharan African countries. PLoS ONE 11, e0155981 (2016).
Lambon-Quayefio, M. P. Walking for water and fuelwood: welfare implications for women and children in Ghana. J. Int. Dev. 36, 365–397 (2024).
Helmke, G. & Levitsky, S. Informal institutions and comparative politics: a research Agenda. Persp Pol. 2, 725–740 (2004).
Alencar, A. Mobile communication and refugees: an analytical review of academic literature. Sociol. Compass 14, e12802 (2020).
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR). Sendai Framework Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction. https://www.undrr.org/drr-glossary/terminology (2023).
Bruneau, M. et al. A framework to quantitatively assess and enhance the seismic resilience of communities. Earthq. Spectra 19, 733–752 (2003).
Béné, C. Towards a quantifiable measure of resilience. IDS Working Pap. 2013, 1–27 (2013).
Béné, C., Wood, R. G., Newsham, A. & Davies, M. Resilience: New Utopia or New Tyranny? Reflection about the potentials and limits of the concept of resilience in relation to vulnerability reduction programmes. IDS Work. Pap. 2012, 1–61 (2012).
Tierney, K. & Bruneau, M. Conceptualizing and Measuring Resilience. 14–17 (2007).
Thalheimer, L. et al. Prioritizing involuntary immobility in climate policy and disaster planning. Nat. Commun. 16, 2581 (2025).
Vaidya, O. S. & Kumar, S. Analytic hierarchy process: an overview of applications. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 169, 1–29 (2006).
Potoglou, D. et al. Best–worst scaling vs. discrete choice experiments: an empirical comparison using social care data. Soc. Sci. Med. 72, 1717–1727 (2011).
Office for National Statistics. Key Workers Reference Tables. https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/keyworkersreferencetables/current (2020).
Ruggles, S. et al. Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, International: Version 7.7. https://doi.org/10.18128/D020.V7.7 (IPUMS, 2025).
World Bank Jobs Group. Global Labor Database (GitHub, 2026).
Ruggles, S., King, M. L., Levison, D., McCaa, R. & Sobek, M. IPUMS-International. Hist. Methods. J. Quant. Interdiscip. Hist. 36, 60–65 (2003).
Menteşe, E. Y. et al. Future exposure modelling for risk-informed decision making in urban planning. Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct. 90, 103651 (2023).
Deaton, A. The Analysis of Household Surveys (Reissue Edition with a New Preface): A Microeconometric Approach to Development Policy (World Bank, 2019).
Meyer, B. & Sullivan, J. Measuring the Well-Being of the Poor Using Income and Consumption. w9760. http://www.nber.org/papers/w9760.pdf (2003) https://doi.org/10.3386/w9760.
Moghfeli, Z. et al. Social capital and farmers’ leadership in Iranian rural communities: application of social network analysis. J. Environ. Plan. Manag. 66, 977–1001 (2023).
Saint Ville, A. S., Hickey, G. M., Locher, U. & Phillip, L. E. Exploring the role of social capital in influencing knowledge flows and innovation in smallholder farming communities in the Caribbean. Food Section 8, 535–549 (2016).
Balboni, G., Menardo, E. & Cubelli, R. Development and validation of the Scale of Cultural Capital. TPM – Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology, 149–175. https://doi.org/10.4473/TPM26.1.8 (2019).
Kraaykamp, G. & Van Eijck, K. The intergenerational reproduction of cultural capital: a threefold perspective. Soc. Forces 89, 209–231 (2010).
Sieben, S. & Lechner, C. M. Measuring cultural capital through the number of books in the household. Meas. Instrum. Soc. Sci. 1, 1 (2019).
Sullivan, A. Cultural capital and educational attainment. Sociology 35, 893–912 (2001).
Filmer, D. & Scott, K. Assessing asset indices. Demography 49, 359–392 (2012).
Davila, R. L. et al. Water, walls, and bicycles: wealth index composition using census microdata. J. Dem. Econ. 88, 79–120 (2022).
Varghese, J. S., Maluccio, J. A., Cunningham, S. A., Ramirez-Zea, M. & Stein, A. D. Development of a temporally harmonized asset index: evidence from across 50 years of follow up of a birth cohort in Guatemala. BMC Med. Res. Methodol. 21, 85 (2021).
Kyne, D. & Aldrich, D. P. Capturing bonding, bridging, and linking social capital through publicly available data. Risk Hazard Crisis Pub Pol. 11, 61–86 (2020).
Cabrera, J. F. & Najarian, J. C. How the built environment shapes spatial bridging ties and social capital. Environ. Behav. 47, 239–267 (2015).
Fraser, T., Awadalla, O., Sarup, H. & Aldrich, D. P. A tale of many cities: mapping social infrastructure and social capital across the United States. Comput. Environ. Urban Syst. 114, 102195 (2024).
Mazumdar, S., Learnihan, V., Cochrane, T. & Davey, R. The built environment and social capital: a systematic review. Environ. Behav. 50, 119–158 (2018).
Williams, S. A. & Hipp, J. R. How great and how good?: Third places, neighbor interaction, and cohesion in the neighborhood context. Soc. Sci. Res. 77, 68–78 (2019).
Brandano, M. G., Conti, C., Modica, M. & Urso, G. Mapping cultural heritage sites at risk: a support tool for heritage sites management. J. Urban Manag. 14, 690–699 (2025).
Backman, M. & Nilsson, P. The role of cultural heritage in attracting skilled individuals. J. Cult. Econ. 42, 111–138 (2018).
Gentile, R. et al. Scoring, selecting, and developing physical impact models for multi-hazard risk assessment. Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct. 82, 103365 (2022).
Natural Capital Alliance. Habitat Risk Assessment. InVEST. http://releases.naturalcapitalproject.org/invest-userguide/latest/en/habitat_risk_assessment.html.
Ceferino, L., Kiremidjian, A. & Deierlein, G. Probabilistic Model for Regional Multiseverity Casualty Estimation due to Building Damage Following an Earthquake. ASCE-ASME J. Risk Uncertain. Eng. Syst., Part A: Civ. Eng. 4, 04018023 (2018).
Jaiswal, K. S. & Wald, D. J. Development of a semi-empirical loss model within the USGS Prompt Assessment of Global Earthquakes for Response (PAGER) System. in Proc. 9th U.S. National and 10th Canadian Conference on Earthquake Engineering (CAEE, 2010).
Jonkman, S. N., Vrijling, J. K. & Vrouwenvelder, A. C. W. M. Methods for the estimation of loss of life due to floods: a literature review and a proposal for a new method. Nat. Hazards 46, 353–389 (2008).
FEMA. Hazus 6.1 Earthquake Model Techincal Manual. https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/documents/fema_hazus-earthquake-model-technical-manual-6-1.pdf (2024).
Cimellaro, G. P., Reinhorn, A. M. & Bruneau, M. Framework for analytical quantification of disaster resilience. Eng. Struct. 32, 3639–3649 (2010).
Dueñas-Osorio, L., Craig, J. I., Goodno, B. J. & Bostrom, A. Interdependent Response of Networked Systems. J. Infrastruct. Syst. 13, 185–194 (2007).
Kalungi, P. & Tanyimboh, T. T. Redundancy model for water distribution systems. Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 82, 275–286 (2003).
Wu, Y. & Chen, S. Resilience modeling and pre-hazard mitigation planning of transportation network to support post-earthquake emergency medical response. Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 230, 108918 (2023).
Xu, X., Chen, A., Jansuwan, S., Yang, C. & Ryu, S. Transportation network redundancy: complementary measures and computational methods. Transp. Res. Part B Methodol. 114, 68–85 (2018).
Kaufmann, V., Bergman, M. M. & Joye, D. Motility: mobility as capital. Int. J. Urban Reg. Res. 28, 745–756 (2004).
Moret, J. Mobility: A practice or a Capital? in European Somalis’ Post-Migration Movements, 99–138 (Springer International Publishing, 2018).
Almaden, C. R. Deliberative preferences for collective adaptation: evidence from the Philippines and Viet Nam. J. Inst. Econ. 22, e1 (2026).
Comelli, T. et al. Normative future visioning: a critical pedagogy for transformative adaptation. Build. Cities 5, 83–100 (2024).
Skidmore, T. A. & Cohon, J. L. A multicriteria decision analysis framework for developing and evaluating coastal retreat policy. Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag. 19, 83–98 (2023).
Alis, C., Legara, E. F. & Monterola, C. Generalized radiation model for human migration. Sci. Rep. 11, 22707 (2021).
Simini, F., González, M. C., Maritan, A. & Barabási, A.-L. A universal model for mobility and migration patterns. Nature 484, 96–100 (2012).
Klabunde, A. & Willekens, F. Decision-making in agent-based models of migration: state of the art and challenges. Eur. J. Popul. 32, 73–97 (2016).
Mannakkara, S. & Wilkinson, S. Re-conceptualising “Building Back Better” to improve post-disaster recovery. Int. J. Manag. Proj. Bus. 7, 327–341 (2014).
McClain, S. N. et al. Migration with dignity: a legal and policy framework. JDR 17, 292–300 (2022).
Dayley, R. Imagined Communities in Thailand: ethnographic approaches. J. Church State 51, 356–358 (2009).
Howard, S. Coffee and the state in rural Ethiopia. Anthropol. Matters 18, 83–104 (2018).
Hyler, S. Invisible lines crossing the city: ethnographic strategies for place-making. Cult. Unbound 5, 361–384 (2013).
Mikkonen, E. Bridges over the Mountain Ranges: Ethnography on the Complexities of Transition in Women’s Social Position in Nepalese Rural Communities (Lapin Yliopisto, 2017).
Mukil, M. V., Shinde, K., Rashed, T. & Bhavani, R. R. Religious-Cultural framework for sustaining environmental balance in rural ecosystems: stewardship of village-temples in Tamil Nadu, India. Local Environ. 1–27, https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2026.2631508 (2026).
Thurnell-Read, T. If they weren’t in the Pub, they probably wouldn’t even know each other’: alcohol, sociability and pub based leisure. Int J. Socio. Leis. 4, 61–78 (2021).
Cox, L. A. (Tony). Confronting deep uncertainties in risk analysis. Risk Anal. 32, 1607–1629 (2012).
Walker, W. E., Lempert, R. J. & Kwakkel, J. H. Deep uncertainty. in Encyclopedia of Operations Research and Management Science (eds Gass, S. I. & Fu, M. C.) 395–402 (Springer US, 2013).
Haklay, M. & Weber, P. OpenStreetMap: user-generated street maps. IEEE Pervasive Comput 7, 12–18 (2008).
OpenStreetMap contributors. Planet Dump. Retrieved from. https://planet.osm.org (OpenStreetMap Foundation, 2026).
Oostwegel, L. J. N., Schorlemmer, D., Lingner, L. & Evaz Zadeh, T. OpenBuildingMap. https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.LKUT.2025.002 (GFZ Data Services, 2025).
Oostwegel, L. J. N., Schorlemmer, D. & Guéguen, P. From footprints to functions: a comprehensive global and semantic building footprint dataset. Sci. Data 12, 1699 (2025).
Microsoft. Global ML Building Footprints (GitHub, 2022).
Sirko, W. et al. Continental-scale building detection from high resolution satellite imagery. Preprint at. https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2107.12283 (2021).
Google Research. Open Buildings (Google Research, 2023).
Meijer, J. R., Huijbregts, M. A. J., Schotten, K. C. G. J. & Schipper, A. M. Global Roads Inventory Project (GLOBIO, 2018).
Meijer, J. R., Huijbregts, M. A. J., Schotten, K. C. G. J. & Schipper, A. M. Global patterns of current and future road infrastructure. Environ. Res. Lett. 13, 064006 (2018).
OpenCelliD contributors. OpenCelliD (Unwired Labs, 2026).
Tallis, H. & Polasky, S. Mapping and valuing ecosystem services as an approach for conservation and natural-resource management. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1162, 265–283 (2009).
Natural Capital Alliance. InVEST 3.19.0: integrated valuation of ecosystem services and tradeoffs. GitHub. https://doi.org/10.60793/NATCAP-INVEST-3.19.0 (2026).
Zanaga, D. et al. ESA WorldCover 10 m 2021 v200. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.7254220 (2022).
Jenkins, C. N., Pimm, S. L. & Joppa, L. N. Global patterns of terrestrial vertebrate diversity and conservation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 110, E2602–E2610 (2013).
Jenkins, C. N. Biodiversity Mapping. https://biodiversitymapping.org (2026).
Bondarenko, M. et al. Constrained estimates of 2015-2030 total number of people per grid square at a resolution of 3 arc (approximately 100m at the equator) R2025A version v1. https://doi.org/10.5258/SOTON/WP00839 (University of Southampton, 2025).
Tatem, A. J. WorldPop, open data for spatial demography. Sci. Data 4, 170004 (2017).
Schiavina, M., Melchiorri, M. & Pesaresi, M. GHS-SMOD R2023A – GHS settlement layers, application of the Degree of Urbanisation methodology (stage I) to GHS-POP R2023A and GHS-BUILT-S R2023A, multitemporal (1975-2030). European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC) https://doi.org/10.2905/A0DF7A6F-49DE-46EA-9BDE-563437A6E2BA (2023).
Pesaresi, M. et al. Advances on the Global Human Settlement Layer by joint assessment of Earth Observation and population survey data. Int. J. Digital Earth 17, 2390454 (2024).
